Arsenic and smokeless tobacco induce genotoxicity, sperm abnormality as well as oxidative stress in mice in vivo

Table 1 Frequency of micronucleus (MN) in mice bone marrow PCEs cells and PCE/NCE ratio induced by arsenic and sadagura alone and in combination

Treatment groups	Total PCE /n	% PCE with MN (mean ± S.E)	Total NCE	PCE/NCE (mean ± S.E)
CON	12000/6	0.06 ± 0.03	5098	2.39 ± 0.13
SA1	12000/6	0.23 ± 0.04^a*	5044	2.40 ± 0.11
SA2	12000/6	0.43 ± 0.04^a***	5160	2.34 ± 0.10^c
SG	12000/6	0.22 ± 0.02^b*	4760	2.52 ± 0.06^d
SA1 + SG	12000/6	0.33 ± 0.01^***	5334	2.26 ± 0.06
SA2 + SG	12000/6	0.45 ± 0.02^b***	6625	1.86 ± 0.13^cd*

Description of treatment groups is given in methodology section. PCE Polychromatic erythrocyte, NCE Normochromatic erythrocyte. Statistical analysis: ANOVA. Groups bearing the same superscript are significantly different from each other: a, b = p < 0.001; d = p < 0.01; c = p < 0.05. Values are significantly different from control: * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001

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