Table 3 Effect of HCAs in colon carcinogenesis in case control studies^a

Budhathoki S et al. [12]

Japan, 2015

738/697

MeIQ

2.80 (qu)^b

0.005^c

HCA

1.73

0.03^c

Fu Z et al. [16]

USA, 2011

2,543/3764

PhIP

1.3 (qu)

0.005

MeIQx

1.4

0.062

Helmus DS et al. [17]

USA, 2013

1062/1645

MeIQx

1.73 (qu)

<0.0001

DiMeIQx

1.88

<0.0001

red meat PhIP

1.38

0.009

white meat PhIP

0.86

0.180

Barbir A et al. [18]

Switzerland, 2012

413/796

PhIP

1.75 (qi)

0.006

MeIQx

1.57

0.022

DiMeIQx

1.46

0.045

Gilsing AM et al. [19]

USA, 2012

1243/1419

MeQx

1.43 (t)

0.007

MeIQx-NAT1

0.001^d