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Fig. 1 | Genes and Environment

Fig. 1

From: Low-dose radiation from A-bombs elongated lifespan and reduced cancer mortality relative to un-irradiated individuals

Fig. 1

Changes of people who have an A-Bomb Survivor’s Certificates (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [68] (blue). For example, a total of 183,519 certificate holders in 2014 comprised four classes: 1st class survivors, or direct victims (113,685); 2nd class survivors, or in-city victims who were within areas inside 2 km from the epicenter (42,529); 3rd class survivors, or rescue victims who engaged in rescue activities or physical treatments outside the 2 km areas and who were exposed to residual radiation (20,013); and 4th class survivors, or fetuses of people in one of the above three categories (7292). Their peak number was 372,264 in 1980. Expected numbers (red) were calculated as follows: holders in 1957 were 200,984; the death ratio of the Japanese in 1957 [69] was 0.008275 and 1663 (200,984 × 0.008275) were expected to die and 199,321 (200,984–1663) was the expected number in 1958 (the same hereinafter). Certificate holders are supported financially with six allowances and funeral fees. Some other benefits accrue: they can undergo free health examinations twice a year; and almost all sicknesses are treated at no charge. Patients with illness caused by a nuclear weapon were eligible to receive an allowance of 138,380 yen/m. The health control allowance is 34,030 yen/m. The funeral allowance is 206,000 yen. The total budget for fiscal year 2015 was 393,391,000,000 yen

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