Fig. 1From: Current perspectives on mechanisms of ribonucleotide incorporation and processing in mammalian DNAOverview of processing mechanisms of ribonucleotides embedded in DNA. (1) Embedded ribonucleotides are repaired by RNase H2-dependent RER. (2) In the absence of RNase H2, ribonucleotides in DNA are processed by topoisomerases, resulting in genomic instability. (3) The BER factor APE1 excises the damaged ribonucleotides in DNA. (4) The involvement of NER on ribonucleotide removal is under debate. (5) APTX resolves abortive ligation intermediates created at 5′-ribonucleotide termini. (6) Ribonucleotides on the template DNA strand impact on DNA synthesisBack to article page