Test system | Dose Used | Endpoints | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial strains | ||||
Escherichia coli | 1 X 10− 3 M | DR | + | [19] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA1537 | 100 and 250 μg/ml | MU | + | [20] |
Escherichia coli B/r | 50 μg/ml | MU | + | [21] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA1537 | 10–10,000 μg/plate | MU | + | [22] |
(Salmonella typhimurium TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 | 5–5000 μg/plate | MU | – | [23] |
Escherichia coli | 300–500 μg/ml | DR | + | [24] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA1537 and TA97a | 312–500 μg/plate | MU | _ | [25] |
Drosophila melanogaster | 3–10 mM | SRL | + | [26] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1537, TA1538 | 5–10 μg/plate | MU | + | [27] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA97 Escherichia coli EE97 and EE102 | 25–200 μg/ml | MU | + | [28] |
Salmonella typhimurium, TA102 E. coli strains WP2, WP2hcr, WP6 and WP67 | 25–200 μg/ml | MU | – | [28] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA97 Escherichia coli DG1669 | 25–500 μg/plate | MU | + | [29] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 | 100–600 μg/ml | MU | + | [30] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA1977, TA1978 | 100–600 μg/ml | MU | – | [30] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA97a and TA100, TA104 | 0.1–10,000 μg/plate | MU | ± | [14] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA98 | 192.5–6160 μg/plate | MU | ± | [31] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA97, TA1537 | 0–10,000 μg/plate; 250 μg/plate; 200 μg/ml | MU | + | [32] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1977, TA102, TA104 | 10,000 μg/plate; 600 μg/plate 5000 μg/plate | MU | – | [32] |
Salmonella typhimurium TA100 | 10–5000 μg/plate | MU | ± | [33] |
In vitro studies on mammalian systems | ||||
Rat liver cells | 0.2 mM | DR | + | [34] |
Human lymphocytes | 15–100 μg/ml | CA | + | [35] |
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells | 5–100 μM | MN SCE | + + | [36] |
Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) & Rat hepatocyte cells (H4) | 0.001–10 μg/ml | SCE | + | [27] |
Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells | 1–340 μM | MN | + | [37] |
Rat liver cells | Full text not available | DD | + | [38] |
Rat liver cells | 0–1000 μM | DD | + | [39] |
In vivo studies in multiple test systems | ||||
Rheumatoid patients | 250 mg/day for 6 years | CA | + | [40] |
Patients with aplastic anemia | Data not available. Patients took CQ for several months | COa | + | [41] |
Mouse bone marrow cells | 12.5–100 mg/kg in single i.p. dose | CA SCE | + + | [14] |
Wistar rats | 20 mg/kg orally thrice a week continued up to 400 days. | COb | + | [42] |
Mouse bone marrow cells | 10–30 mg/kg in single i.p. dose and one sub acute i.p.dose 10 mg daily for 3 days. | MN CA | + + | [43] |
Egyptian Toad Bufo | Toads weighing 50 g gavaged 0.5 mg and after 6 h 0.1 mg and then 0.1 mg daily for 3 days | CO | + | [44] |
Male Wistar rats | 10 mg/kg i.p. for once a day for 7, 14 and 21 days | DD | + | [45] |