Table 4 Summary of epidemiological studies of associations between HAA intake and cancer risk among Japanese

Kobayashi et al. [24]

1998–2002

Colorectal cancer

Hospital-based case-control

Cases: histopathologically confirmed, Controls: medical check-up examinees

21–76 years

117 cases and 238 controls

PhIP

Tertile 1

1

0.777

Matched (1:2) for sex, age and area of residence. Adjusted by conditional logistic regression for smoking status, alcohol intake, family history of colorectal cancer, body mass index, JA membership, and intake of vegetables, meat, fish, and dietary fiber.

Tertile 2

1.69

(0.52–5.56)

Tertile 3

1.32

(0.27–6.48)

MeIQx

Tertile 1

1

0.397

Tertile 2

1.67

(0.51–5.41)

Tertile 3

1.98

(0.42–9.32)

MeIQ

Tertile 1

1

0.793

Tertile 2

1.09

(0.28–4.25)

Tertile 3

1.23

(0.23–6.64)

Total HAAs

Tertile 1

1

0.903

Tertile 2

1.77

(0.55–5.72)

Tertile 3

0.99

(0.21–4.81)

Kobayashi et al. [25]

1998–2002

Stomach cancer

Hospital-based case-control

Cases: histopathologically confirmed, Controls: medical check-up examinees

21–76 years

149 cases and 296 controls

PhIP

Tertile 1

1

0.556

Matched (1:2) for sex, age and area of residence. Adjusted by conditional logistic regression for H. pylori status, smoking status, alcohol intake, family history of stomach cancer, body mass index, total vegetable intake, meat intake, fish intake, salt intake, and JA membership.

Tertile 2

1.75

(0.77–3.99)

Tertile 3

1.33

(0.44–4.02)

MeIQx

Tertile 1

1

0.248

Tertile 2

1.06

(0.52–2.14)

Tertile 3

0.81

(0.36–1.82)

MeIQ

Tertile 1

1

0.922

Tertile 2

1.23

(0.52–2.89)

Tertile 3

1.06

(0.36–3.12)

Total HAAs

Tertile 1

1

0.807

Tertile 2

1.33

(0.59–2.98)

Tertile 3

1.11

(0.36–3.49)

Budhathoki et al. [26]

2004–2005

Colorectal adenoma

Cross-sectional

Cases: diagnosed according to pit-pattern classification using magnifying colonoscopy with dye spreading, Controls: confirmed by total colonoscopy

50–79 years

498 cases and 453 controls among men

PhIP

Quartile 1

1

0.77

Adjusted for age, screening period, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, family history of colorectal cancer, and NSAID use. Further adjusted for age at menarche, menopausal status, and current use of hormones in females.

Quartile 2

1.33

(0.91–1.93)

Quartile 3

1.09

(0.74–1.60)

Quartile 4

1.02

(0.69–1.50)

MeIQx

Quartile 1

1

0.97

Quartile 2

1.33

(0.91–1.94)

Quartile 3

1.26

(0.86–1.85)

Quartile 4

1.01

(0.68–1.50)

MeIQ

Quartile 1

1

0.47

Quartile 2

1.21

(0.84–1.76)

Quartile 3

0.95

(0.65–1.40)

Quartile 4

0.94

(0.64–1.37)

Total HAAs

Quartile 1

1

0.64

Quartile 2

1.43

(0.98–2.08)

Quartile 3

1.05

(0.71–1.55)

Quartile 4

1.02

(0.69–1.50)

240 cases and 244 controls among women

PhIP

Quartile 1

1

0.09

Quartile 2

0.74

(0.42–1.32)

Quartile 3

1.08

(0.62–1.88)

Quartile 4

1.43

(0.83–2.45)

MeIQx

Quartile 1

1

0.10

Quartile 2

1.02

(0.58–1.78)

Quartile 3

0.97

(0.56–1.70)

Quartile 4

1.58

(0.92–2.73)

MeIQ

Quartile 1

1

0.01

Quartile 2

1.42

(0.80–2.53)

Quartile 3

1.73

(0.97–3.08)

Quartile 4

2.10

(1.20–3.67)

Total HAAs

Quartile 1

1

0.03

Quartile 2

1.04

(0.58–1.86)

Quartile 3

1.44

(0.83–2.51)

Quartile 4

1.73

(0.99–3.01)

Koda et al. [27]

2004–2006

Prostate cancer

Hospital-based case-control

Cases: histologically confirmed, Controls: medical check-up examinees

40–90 years

351 cases and 351 controls

PhIP

Tertile 1

1

< 0.001

Matched (1:1) for age. Adjusted by conditional logistic regression for alcohol intake, smoking status, body mass index, family history of prostate cancer, and total energy intake

Tertile 2

1.06

(0.77–1.48)

Tertile 3

1.84

(1.35–2.50)

MeIQx

Tertile 1

1

< 0.001

Tertile 2

1.05

(0.76–1.46)

Tertile 3

2.25

(1.65–3.06)

MeIQ

Tertile 1

1

< 0.001

Tertile 2

1.18

(0.85–1.63)

Tertile 3

1.87

(1.38–2.55)

Trp-P-1

Tertile 1

1

< 0.001

Tertile 2

1.05

(0.76–1.45)

Tertile 3

1.92

(1.42–2.61)

Total HAAs

Tertile 1

1

< 0.001

Tertile 2

1.14

(0.83–1.58)

Tertile 3

1.90

(1.40–2.59)