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Table 1 Overall and major malformations and heart diseases among newborns according to maternal and newborn characteristics

From: Evaluation of risk due to chronic low dose ionizing radiation exposure on the birth prevalence of congenital heart diseases (CHD) among the newborns from high-level natural radiation areas of Kerala coast, India

 

N

No. babies born dead

No. of newborns with

ORe CHD (95% CI)

CAa (‰)

MCAb (‰)

CHDc (‰d)

Maternal age at birth in years

 15-19

11,886

33

255 (21.45)

93 (7.82)

15 (1.27)

0.87 (0.49-1.54)

 20-21

29,068

74

693 (23.84)

246 (8.46)

25 (0.86)

0.59 (0.37-0.94)h

 22-23

41,424

95

957 (23.1)

374 (9.03)

61 (1.48)

1.00

 24-25

40,533

115

988 (24.38)

349 (8.61)

57 (1.41)

0.95 (0.66-1.37)

 26-27

29,905

84

714 (23.88)

279 (9.33)

54 (1.81)

1.22 (0.84-1.77)

 28-29

19,938

50

485 (24.33)

189 (9.48)

36 (1.81)

1.21 (0.79-1.85)

 ≥ 30

21,413

82

576 (26.9)

244 (11.39)

41 (1.92)

1.26 (0.83-1.91)

   

Pf = 0.047

P = 0.008

P = 0.026

 

Gravida Status

 1

89,787

234

2236 (24.9)

784 (8.73)

119 (1.33)

1.00

 2

88,482

205

2060 (23.28)

818 (9.24)

140 (1.59)

1.02 (0.78-1.33)

 3

13,826

71

313 (22.64)

139 (10.05)

23 (1.67)

1.02 (0.63-1.64)

 ≥ 4

2072

23

59 (28.47)

33 (15.93)

7 (3.42)

2.02 (0.92-4.44)

   

P = 0.048

P = 0.004

P = 0.057

 

Gender of the newborng

 Male

99,085

287

2882 (29.09)

1048 (10.58)

138 (1.40)

0.88 (0.70-1.10)

 Female

95,060

243

1764 (18.56)

704 (7.41)

151 (1.59)

1.00

   

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P = 0.291

 

Consanguinity

 No

190,879

516

4579 (23.99)

1723 (9.03)

283 (1.49)

1.00

 Yes

3288

17

89 (27.07)

51 (15.51)

6 (1.83)

1.31 (0.58-2.96)

   

P = 0.253

P < 0.001

P = 0.778

 

Religion and Ethnicity

 Hindu

132,138

367

3190 (24.14)

1179 (8.92)

190 (1.44)

–

 Nair

26,791

66

588 (21.95)

229 (8.55)

41 (1.53)

1.00

 Ezhava

48,688

121

1251 (25.69)

442 (9.08)

70 (1.44)

0.93 (0.63-1.37)

 Viswakarma

13,656

27

348 (25.48)

118 (8.64)

21 (1.54)

0.96 (0.57-1.63)

 Others

43,003

153

1003 (23.32)

390 (9.07)

58 (1.35)

0.86 (0.58-1.29)

 Christian

21,724

61

532 (24.49)

201 (9.25)

39 (1.8)

1.14 (0.74-1.78)

 Muslim

40,305

105

946 (23.47)

394 (9.78)

60 (1.49)

1.01 (0.67-1.51)

   

P = 0.670

P = 0.284

P = 0.449

 

Radiation dose in mGy/year

 ≤ 1.50

79,403

203

2059 (25.93)

721 (9.08)

142 (1.79)

1.00

 1.51-3.00

96,393

290

2211 (22.94)

901 (9.35)

125 (1.3)

0.72 (0.57-0.92)h

 3.01-6.00

12,256

25

260 (21.21)

89 (7.26)

12 (0.98)

0.55 (0.31-1.0)

 ≥ 6.01

6115

15

138 (22.57)

63 (10.3)

10 (1.64)

0.96 (0.5-1.85)

   

P < 0.001

P = 0.103

P = 0.024

 

Total

194,167

533

4668 (24.04)

1774 (9.14)

289 (1.49)

 
  1. N=No. of total births
  2. aCA – congenital anomaly
  3. bMCA – major congenital anomaly
  4. cCHD – congenital heart disease
  5. dCHD frequency calculated per 1000 Live births
  6. eOdds Ratio, with 95% Confidence Interval obtained by employing multiple logistic regression with all the characteristics in the model and category with OR as 1 as reference
  7. fP-values of chi-square test comparing the frequencies across different sub-groups after applying Yate’s correction, where necessary
  8. gThere were 22 cases with intersex, of which 3 were born dead
  9. hStatistically significant
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Genes and Environment

ISSN: 1880-7062

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