Table 1 Apoptosis and mutation induced by NDMA and NDEA for 3 h in wild-type Drosophila (mwh/flr)

Apoptosis (number of clusters stained with AO/disc)

Time post-treatment (h)

  0

14.8 ±  1.7

 29.7 ± 17.1

 42.9 ± 16.8

24.9 ± 11.1

 41.1 ± 21.1

  6

14.4 ±  7.1

 79.1 ± 37.9

112.1 ± 52.2

45.9 ± 18.9

 76.8 ± 26.8

  12

21.0 ± 12.5

154.7 ± 70.0

244.8 ± 56.4

51.8 ±  9.6

129.0 ± 35.4

  18

15.6 ±  8.4

188.9 ± 61.7

170.9 ± 61.5

71.9 ± 36.0

146.4 ± 46.1

  24

23.5 ± 10.1

 60.6 ± 27.4

141.9 ± 40.4

38.1 ±  9.0

153.4 ± 36.6

Mutation (number of total spots/wing)

0.53

5.39**

10.6**

2.13**

3.35**

Survival (%)

100

134

94.6

92.2

52.7