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Table 4 Summary results for the association between cadmium and breast cancer risk among Japanese

From: Exposure to environmental chemicals and cancer risk: epidemiological evidence from Japanese studies

Reference

Study period

Design

 

Study subjects

 

Exposure assessment

Exposure

Exposure level (median or range among control group)

Category

Relative risk

95% confidence interval

P for trend

Confounding factors

Definition

Age range

Number of subjects

Sawada et al. [66]

Enrolment

1995–1998,

follow-up to

2006

Population-based cohort

Residents in 10 public health center areas in Japan

45–74 years old at enrolment

402 breast cancer cases among 48,351 women

Food frequency questionnaire

Dietary intake (ug/day)

19.2

Tertile 1

1

 

0.41

Adjusted for age, area, body mass index, smoking status, frequency of alcohol intake, leisure-time physical activity, intake of meat, soybean, vegetable, and fruit, menopausal status, and use of exogenous female hormones

24.9

Tertile 2

1.16

(0.87–1.54)

 

32.3

Tertile 3

0.87

(0.61–1.23)

 

Itoh et al. [69]

Enrolment 2001–2005

Hospital-based case–control

Cases: histopathologically confirmed, Controls: medical check-up examinees matched by age and area of residence

20–74 years old

390 cases and 390 controls

Food frequnecuy questionnaire

Dietary intake (ug/day)

21.4

Tertile 1

1

 

0.39

Adjusted for menopausal status, moderate physical activity in the past five years, smoking status, family history of breast cancer, number of births, isoflavone intake, vegetable intake, and total energy intake

26.2

Tertile 2

1.19

(0.79–1.79)

 

31.5

Tertile 3

1.23

(0.76–2.00)

 

Nagata et al. [70]

Enrolment 2000–2002

Hospital-based case–control

Cases: histopathologically confirmed, Controls: examinees of breast cancer mass screening matched by age, menopausal status, and period of urine sampling

25–70 + years old

153 cases and 431 controls

Spot urine samples measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry

Urinary cadmium (ug/g creatinine)

 < 1.674

Tertile 1

1

 

 < 0.01

Adjusted for age, years of education, age at menarche, number of births, age at first birth, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, and family history of breast cancer among first-degree relatives

1.674–2.620

Tertile 2

2.25

(1.17–4.37)

 

 > 2.620

Tertile 3

6.05

(2.90–12.62)

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