Fig. 9

Detection of sex hormone activities from human urine. Organic compounds were extracted and concentrated from urine provided by a male and a female. Samples were serially diluted and used in the reporter gene assay using the yeast strains expressing ERα and ERβ (W303a and cwp1Δcwp2Δ), PR (W303a, cwp1Δpdr5Δ, and cwp1Δcwp2Δ), and AR (W303a, cwp1Δpdr5Δ, and pdr5Δpdr10Δ): ERα (A), ERβ (B), AR (C), and PR (D). Graphs indicate reporter activity of urine samples with the concentration factor of 50. Data represent the mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. Reporter activity was significantly different between male and female urine samples in AR-expressing mutant strains: *cwp1Δpdr5Δ (p < 0.0005); **pdr5Δpdr10Δ (p < 0.001)