Fig. 3

Fucoxanthinol-induced apoptosis was enhanced by NF-κB inhibitor. a HCT116_NF-κB_secNluc cells were treated with fucoxanthinol (0, 1, 5 and 10 μM) for 24 h. We then measured NF-κB promoter transcriptional activity in HCT116_NF-κB_secNluc cells using a reporter assay. The values shown in panel are the means ± S.D. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. control as analyzed by Student’s t-test after one-way ANOVA. b HCT116 cells were treated with fucoxanthinol (5 μM) and/or SM-7368 (20 μM for 36 h. HCT116 cells then were stained with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) to assess apoptosis. Apoptosis assay simultaneously provides quantitative data about the percentages of vital cells (annexin V (−) / PI (−)), early apoptotic cells (annexin V (+) / PI (−)), late apoptotic cells (annexin V (+) / PI (+)) and dead cells (annexin V (−) / PI (+)). The data were gathered three time and representative data are shown. c HCT116 cells were treated with fucoxanthinol (5 μM) and/or SM-7368 (20 μM) for 36 h. This example immunoblot image shows the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins and proteins downstream of NF-κB-downstream in HCT116 cells. β-actin was used as the internal control