Fig. 2

MN formation level after treatment with MMS and heavy-ion beams. a-c Quantification of the MN formation level. OXR1-depleted HeLa cells or control cells were synchronized at G1/S-phase. The cells were irradiated with (a) carbon-ion beams (2 or 5 Gy, 290 MeV/nucleon, 83.8–86 keV/μM) or (b) iron-ion beams (2 or 4 Gy, 500 MeV/nucleon, 200 keV/μm). c Representative fluorescent images of DAPI-stained nuclei. Arrowheads indicate micronuclei. d Distribution of the cell cycle. Cells were synchronized at G1/S phase. The cells were irradiated with 4 Gy of iron-ion beams (500 MeV/nucleon, 200 keV/μm). After the indicated times, cell cycle distributions were measured by FACS. NT: no treatment. e Quantification of the MN formation level in cells treated with MMS (0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2 mM) for 1 h. f Representative fluorescent images of DAPI-stained nuclei. g Distribution of the cell cycle in cells treated with 1.5 mM MMS for 1 h. The percentage of cells with micronuclei was calculated (a, b ≥ 1000, d. ≥ 460 per condition per experiment). Means ± s.e.m. of n = three independent experiments, # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, three-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test, * p < 0.05, two-tailed Welch’s and Student’s t-test. NT, no treatment