Fig. 2

Advances in DV patterning, AP patterning and morphogenesis of neural tube based on formation of spinal cord organoids from hPSCs. (A) In response to Shh and RA signaling, proper dorsal ventral patterned anterior spinal cord organoids were generated from hPSCs in Gel-3D culture system. (B) Through NMPs stage, hPSCs were differentiated into posterior neural tube like structure, which extended into AP patterned spinal organoid by CHIR. (C) Based on advanced 3D culture system, the morphogenetic processes of neural tube formation including polarized neuroepithelial cell induction, sheet-like neural plate formation, and folding-based tube morphogenesis was simulated. Under the action of signal molecules added, fused neural tube like structure was differentiated into spinal cord organoid