Thorium and fetal neural tube defects: an epidemiological evidence from large case-control study

Genes and Environment

Table 3 Odds ratios of total neural tube defects (NTDs) and two of their subtypes (anencephaly and spina bifida) associated with hair thorium concentrations dichotomized by medians of controls

OR	Anencephaly (N = 123) ^a	P	Spina bifida (N = 115)	P	Total NTDs (N = 263)	P
cOR ^b	2.19 (1.46–3.28)	< 0.001	2.54 (1.67–3.87)	< 0.001	2.48 (1.82–3.37)	< 0.001
aOR1 ^c	1.40 (0.83–2.35)	0.209	1.96 (1.18–3.24)	< 0.01	1.80 (1.23–2.63)	< 0.01
aOR2 ^d	1.53 (0.93–2.52)	0.097	2.30 (1.41–3.75)	< 0.001	2.08 (1.45–3.00)	< 0.001
aOR3 ^e	1.53 (0.92–2.55)	0.103	1.95 (1.19–3.19)	< 0.01	1.88 (1.30–2.73)	< 0.001
aOR4 ^f	1.39 (0.79–2.45)	0.254	1.63 (0.94–2.80)	0.080	1.67 (1.11–2.51)	< 0.05

^aNumber of participants; ^b Crude odds ratio (cOR) calculated by a logistic regression model; ^c Adjusted odds ratio-1 (aOR1) calculated by a logistic regression model adjusted for maternal age, history of previous birth defects, education, occupation, influenza or fever, folic acid supplement, and passive smoking in the periconceptional period; ^d aOR2 calculated by a logistic regression model adjusted for maternal age, history of previous birth defects, occupation, influenza or fever, folic acid supplement, and passive smoking in the periconceptional period; ^e aOR3 calculated by a logistic regression model adjusted for maternal age, history of previous birth defects, education, occupation, influenza or fever, and passive smoking in the periconceptional period. ^f aOR4 calculated by a logistic regression model adjusted for maternal age, history of previous birth defects, education, occupation, influenza or fever, passive smoking, and exposure index in the periconceptional period

ISSN: 1880-7062