Genotoxicity test of eight natural color additives in the Korean market

Do, Byungkyung; Kwon, Hoonjeong

doi:10.1186/s41021-022-00247-0

Genes and Environment

Table 1 Bacterial reverse mutation assay results for natural color additives

From: Genotoxicity test of eight natural color additives in the Korean market

Test Substance	Conc. (μg/plate)	Absence of metabolic system															Presence of metabolic system
		Frameshift mutation						Base-pair substitution									Frameshift-sensitive						Base-pair substitution
		TA98			TA1537			TA100			TA1535			E.Coli			TA98			TA1537			TA100			TA1535			E.Coli
Gardenia Red	0	24	±	3	14	±	2	125	±	13	16	±	5	51	±	1	36	±	1	31	±	1	174	±	2	13	±	3	48	±	4
	50	20	±	4	15	±	6	127	±	15	13	±	2	41	±	4	38	±	2	28	±	2	188	±	9	18	±	4	52	±	4
	150	23	±	3	12	±	2	132	±	15	14	±	3	48	±	10	39	±	1	23	±	8	175	±	5	15	±	2	61	±	5^*
	500	25	±	9	12	±	3	145	±	8	16	±	2	44	±	6	35	±	2	32	±	2	167	±	12	15	±	4	48	±	5
	1500	25	±	3	10	±	4	143	±	12	13	±	2	44	±	7	33	±	7	28	±	6	181	±	12	16	±	1	52	±	3
	5000	19	±	4	12	±	3	145	±	1	15	±	5	46	±	6	35	±	7	29	±	2	162	±	18	12	±	5	48	±	6
Gardenia Yellow	0	22	±	1	12	±	2	139	±	22	13	±	5	46	±	8	36	±	4	28	±	1	134	±	1	13	±	6	50	±	2
	50	23	±	5	11	±	1	129	±	33	17	±	5	54	±	4	37	±	5	33	±	9	149	±	9	16	±	3	49	±	6
	150	21	±	2	12	±	3	139	±	5	12	±	3	53	±	1	33	±	4	32	±	5	150	±	4	14	±	1	54	±	6
	500	31	±	2^**	10	±	3	130	±	6	15	±	4	50	±	4	42	±	5	33	±	8	143	±	9	14	±	3	51	±	6
	1500	24	±	2	12	±	3	130	±	4	12	±	3	53	±	5	43	±	3	37	±	9	152	±	8	13	±	3	57	±	11
	5000	37	±	1^***	12	±	1	136	±	15	15	±	6	46	±	14	85	±	4^***	50	±	5^*	163	±	9^**	12	±	3	50	±	4
Gardenia Blue	0	20	±	3	13	±	1	149	±	11	16	±	4	50	±	9	35	±	10	28	±	4	167	±	25	23	±	1	42	±	5
	50	20	±	5	13	±	2	167	±	9	26	±	3^**	52	±	5	33	±	12	22	±	5	169	±	19	22	±	4	44	±	5
	150	22	±	2	9	±	2	164	±	13	24	±	3	45	±	5	28	±	10	25	±	4	155	±	14	22	±	6	46	±	10
	500	24	±	7	10	±	4	160	±	13	23	±	3	54	±	5	30	±	8	21	±	2	165	±	4	17	±	2	45	±	8
	1500	21	±	5	12	±	3	154	±	7	28	±	1^**	51	±	7	32	±	3	20	±	2	145	±	11	23	±	2	48	±	11
	5000	34	±	8	12	±	3	143	±	11	27	±	3^**	45	±	3	33	±	6	23	±	4	114	±	5^*	24	±	5	45	±	6
Cochineal Extract	0	20	±	3	15	±	2	119	±	4	10	±	1	53	±	8	33	±	11	39	±	22	235	±	41	13	±	1	46	±	5
	50	24	±	2	15	±	2	123	±	5	13	±	2	55	±	6	28	±	8	43	±	7	224	±	27	12	±	4	55	±	2
	150	19	±	4	21	±	3	118	±	1	14	±	3	43	±	9	32	±	2	39	±	7	216	±	14	15	±	1	57	±	5
	500	20	±	1	18	±	6	122	±	10	16	±	5	51	±	2	30	±	9	43	±	11	219	±	26	12	±	4	49	±	3
	1500	23	±	6	19	±	8	141	±	1^**	13	±	1	45	±	13	33	±	6	46	±	3	217	±	25	17	±	5	55	±	5
	5000	18	±	5	19	±	7	151	±	8^***	10	±	4	52	±	4	32	±	1	40	±	4	230	±	8	10	±	2	54	±	7
Lac Color	0	26	±	5	22	±	6	123	±	12	12	±	4	44	±	3	33	±	2	29	±	4	190	±	16	14	±	4	52	±	4
	50	22	±	2	27	±	3	135	±	4	15	±	2	55	±	2	46	±	5	30	±	2	177	±	19	17	±	8	53	±	4
	150	23	±	4	27	±	2	125	±	6	13	±	4	54	±	9	31	±	4	37	±	9	181	±	9	16	±	7	52	±	9
	500	26	±	8	26	±	6	127	±	9	13	±	2	54	±	7	35	±	3	28	±	1	173	±	7	16	±	4	54	±	2
	1500	20	±	3	26	±	3	143	±	6	13	±	5	58	±	4	33	±	9	27	±	4	184	±	10	15	±	4	50	±	6
	5000	23	±	5	23	±	3	132	±	9	14	±	2	49	±	6	34	±	6	34	±	5	165	±	20	16	±	7	52	±	10
Beet Red	0	21	±	4	16	±	3	142	±	23	11	±	2	59	±	8	35	±	3	45	±	11	173	±	1	13	±	3	47	±	2
	50	19	±	1	16	±	1	148	±	11	14	±	4	50	±	5	40	±	10	34	±	3	170	±	10	14	±	2	50	±	5
	150	20	±	2	16	±	5	161	±	15	14	±	3	53	±	6	37	±	10	38	±	2	174	±	14	11	±	6	52	±	10
	500	27	±	2	19	±	7	148	±	12	16	±	3	53	±	5	38	±	6	38	±	6	169	±	12	10	±	4	50	±	5
	1500	19	±	7	20	±	2	153	±	21	14	±	7	56	±	4	31	±	7	39	±	6	179	±	4	15	±	3	52	±	4
	5000	20	±	4	17	±	3	171	±	7	14	±	5	56	±	7	35	±	4	38	±	2	183	±	18	15	±	4	50	±	6
Curcuma extract	0	22	±	5	15	±	2	121	±	8	15	±	6	57	±	5	26	±	1	48	±	12	140	±	7	20	±	3	55	±	4
	50	24	±	7	15	±	1	132	±	8	17	±	5	57	±	6	28	±	3	44	±	12	156	±	13	14	±	2	52	±	2
	150	29	±	1	13	±	6	116	±	6	15	±	6	60	±	2	31	±	4	61	±	38	165	±	9	14	±	4	49	±	5
	500	26	±	4	14	±	3	microcolonies^a			16	±	4	53	±	7	32	±	8	36	±	7	147	±	13	15	±	4	54	±	6
	1500	23	±	10	microcolonies^a			869	±	68^***	8	±	4	44	±	4	37	±	6	32	±	10	133	±	7	14	±	3	50	±	10
	5000	24	±	6	microcolonies^a			142	±	27	10	±	3	54	±	7	29	±	1	28	±	9	microcolonies^a			8	±	3^**	46	±	3
Monascus Red	0	21	±	6	14	±	3	148	±	11	14	±	1	51	±	13	29	±	5	39	±	1	199	±	13	15	±	1	45	±	1
	50	22	±	2	16	±	4	166	±	12	13	±	2	51	±	7	33	±	3	31	±	4	203	±	16	19	±	6	47	±	6
	150	23	±	4	14	±	4	172	±	3	16	±	2	60	±	8	35	±	10	38	±	6	191	±	28	24	±	3	50	±	9
	500	16	±	3	16	±	2	137	±	20	14	±	3	50	±	7	34	±	3	34	±	2	167	±	16	14	±	2	49	±	14
	1500	19	±	1	8	±	4	144	±	15	14	±	2	50	±	8	33	±	7	3	±	9	157	±	7	16	±	6	49	±	3
	5000	23	±	5	microcolonies^a			microcolonies^a			15	±	2	55	±	10	38	±	2	28	±	6	159	±	14	18	±	2	54	±	6
Positive control		156	±	68^b	119	±	29^c	456	±	86^b	358	±	29^d	151	±	16^e	790	±	395^f	205	±	106^g	1277	±	370^h	218	±	75^g	290	±	121ⁱ

Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three replicates
^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01 or ^***p < 0.001 compared to the negative control (0 μg/plate)
^aEach plate was divided into 16 sections, and each section contained 300 or more microcolonies
^b2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acylamide (AF-2) 0.1 μg/plate, ^c9-Aminoacridine (9-AA) 40 μg/plate, ^dSodium azide (NaN3) 0.5 μg/plate,
^eAF-2 0.01 μg/plate, ^f2-Aminoanthracene (2-AA) 0.5 μg/plate, ^g2-AA 2 μg/plate, ^h: 2-AA 1 μg/plate, ⁱ2-AA 10 μg/plate

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ISSN: 1880-7062

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