Table 3 Summary results for the association of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) with cancer risk among Japanese
From: Exposure to environmental chemicals and cancer risk: epidemiological evidence from Japanese studies
Reference | Study period | Outcome | Design | Study subjects | Exposure assessment | Exposure | Exposure level (median or range among control group) | Category | Odds ratios | 95% confidence interval | P for trend | Confounding factors | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definition | Age range | Number of subjects | ||||||||||||
Itoh et al. [53] | Enrolment 2001–2005 | Breast cancer | Hospital-based case–control | Cases: histopathologically confirmed, Controls: medical check-up examinees matched by age and area of residence | 20–74 years old | 401 cases and 401 controls | Serum samples measured by in-port arylation gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) | Total PFOS (ng/mL) | 7.63 | Quartile 1 | 1 |  | 0.0001 | Adjusted for body mass index, height, menopausal status and age at menopause, age at first childbirth, family history of breast cancer, smoking status, strenuous physical activity in the past five years, moderate physical activity in the past five years, age at menarche, number of births, breastfeeding duration, alcohol intake, isoflavone intake, education level, serum total concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, fish and shellfish intake, vegetable intake, and calendar year of blood sampling |
|  | 12.2 | Quartile 2 | 0.38 | (0.18–0.82) |  | |||||||||
|  | 16.27 | Quartile 3 | 0.31 | (0.14–0.69) |  | |||||||||
|  | 24.67 | Quartile 4 | 0.15 | (0.06–0.39) |  | |||||||||
Total PFOA (ng/mL) | 3.18 | Quartile 1 | 1 | Â | 0.001 | |||||||||
|  | 4.71 | Quartile 2 | 0.37 | (0.19–0.73) |  | |||||||||
|  | 6.46 | Quartile 3 | 0.39 | (0.18–0.84) |  | |||||||||
|  | 9.31 | Quartile 4 | 0.20 | (0.08–0.51) |  | |||||||||
PFOS Perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOA Perfluorooctanic acid | ||||||||||||||