Table 1 Methylation changes induced by benzo(a)pyrene

Changes in DNMTs

DNMT3a↓

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts

0.25 μmol

2 weeks, 4 weeks

Negative correlation

[152]

DNMT1↑

positive correlation

DNMT1↑

Smokers

Not stated

Not stated

[71]

Global methylation

Whole genome↑

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts

0.25 μmol

2 weeks, 4 weeks

positive correlation

[152]

Whole liver genome↓

Rainbow salmon liver

(1 ng/L),

(10 ng/L)

24 h and 14 days

negatively correlated with time and dose

[77]

Whole genome↓

Zebrafish embryos

0.24, 2.4, 24 μg/L

Negative correlation

[37]

16HBE

10, 20,

40 μmol

24 h, 72 h

Negative correlation

[62]

ICR mice

600 mg/kg

Negative correlation

[160]

Hypermethylation of specific genes

RAR-β2↑

Human esophageal cancer cells

24 h

Not stated

[153]

GSTP↑

Human hepatic L02 cells

0.1, 1,

10 nmol

Positive correlation

[131]

E-cadherin↑

Human Immortalized bronchial epithelial cells

0.05, 0.1, 0.25 μmol/L

Positive correlation

[28]

Protocadherin-10↑

Positive correlation

c-fos↑

Zebrafish embryos

50 μg/L

Not stated

[24]

MLH1↑

Not stated

NR2B↑

C57BL mice

1.0, 2.5, 6.25 mg/kg

Positive correlation

[158]

FLT1↑

16HBE

20 mmol

Not stated

[56]

APC↑

Human HCT116

5 μg/L

Not stated

[156]

Hypomethylation of specific genes

GSTP1↓

16HBE

1, 2, 5

mmol/L

Negative correlation

[88]

CYP1A1↓

Negative correlation

COX-2↓

Human PBMC

5 μg/L

Not stated

[156]

MSH2↓

Not stated