Table 1 Results of genotoxicity tests for AF-2
Class | Assays | Cells/species | Doses | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro | Rec-assay | B. subtilis | 2 μg/plate | Positive | Kada [18] |
Reversion assay | E. coli H/r30R | 0.1–4 μg/mL | Positive | Kondo & Ichikawa-Ryo [17] | |
Reversion assay | E. coli WP2hcr− | 0.5, 1.0 μg/plate | Positive | Kada [18] | |
Ames test | S. typhimurium TA100, TA98 | 0.02 μg/plate | Positive | McCann et al. [10] | |
Chromosomal aberration | human lymphocyte | 0.5–50 μM [=0.12–12.4 μg/mL] | Positive | Tonomura & Sasaki [16] | |
Unscheduled DNA synthesis | human fibroblast | 80 μM [=19.8 μg/mL] | Positive | Tonomura & Sasaki [16] | |
Gene conversion | Yeast | 50, 100, 200 μg/mL | Positive | Murthy & Sankaranakarayan [37] | |
Gene mutation | Chinese hamster, V79 | 50–400 μM [=12.4–99.2 μg/mL] | Positive | Wild [36] | |
Gene mutation | mouse lymphoma, L5178Y Ala32 | 1–50 μg/mL | Positive (+S9) | Nakamura et al. [45] | |
In vivo | Micronucleus assay | rat; Long-Evance bone marrow | 60, 120, 240 mg/kg; i.p. | weakly positive | Goodman et al. [28] |
Micronucleus assay | mouse; CD-1, MS/Ae rat; SD peripheral blood | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg; i.p. 25, 50, 75, 100 mg/kg; i.p. | Weakly positive | Higashikuni et al. [39] | |
Chromosomal aberration | rat; Long-Evance bone marrow | 30–240 mg/kg; gavage | positive | Sugiyama [38] |